NRS 430 How Nursing Practice Evolved Over Time

Sample Answer for NRS 430 How Nursing Practice Evolved Over Time Included After Question

Topic 3 DQ 1

How has nursing practice evolved over time? Discuss the key leaders and historical events that have influenced the advancement of nursing, nursing education, and nursing roles that are now part of the contemporary nursing profession.

A Sample Answer For the Assignment:  NRS 430 How Nursing Practice Evolved Over Time

Title: NRS 430 How Nursing Practice Evolved Over Time

Nursing has been around even before the times of Christianity. Nursing has always been based on caring for the sick, bedside and healing. Back in those days the “medicine man” was the healer and took care of the people. Knowledge of illness and treatment for illness was provided on a trial and error basis, as science and research were not yet known, and evidence-based practice was yet to be acknowledged (Whitney, 2018). In the 1800s the work of Florence nightingale changed the world of nursing by establishing nurse education programs in British hospitals. It wasn’t until the 1960s when funding for nurses to conduct research and carry out studies that led to solving many health care problems and improve nursing services ( Whelan, 2017).

Through centuries nursing has continued to evolve. Today nursing is a career, that offers extensive different levels of training, diverse staff, funding to conduct research that was not there before. Nursing is also guided based on Theories developed from the beginning of nursing. The theory maintains a central role in the evolution of the nursing discipline. It is something all nurses use in their daily practices, it is a structure of purposeful and systematic ideas that help to organize disciplinary thinking and influence practice. (Whitney, 2018) because of this, we have better hospitals, responsibility and focus on patient care that saves lives. The nursing field continues to be a growing field, changes in training, health care setting, growing responsibilities, research and evidence-based practices have saved many lives and helped nursing become the respected field it is today.

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NRS 430 How Nursing Practice Evolved Over Time References

Whelan, J. C. (2017). American Nursing: An Introduction to the Past. https://www.nursing.upenn.edu/nhhc/american-nursing-an-introduction-to-the-past/.

Whitney, S. (2018). History of professional nursing. In Grand Canyon University (Eds.), Dynamics in Nursing: Art and Science of Professional Practice. https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs430v/dynamics-innursing-art-and-science-of-professional-practice/v1.1/#/chapter/2

A Sample Answer 2 For the Assignment:  NRS 430 How Nursing Practice Evolved Over Time

Title: NRS 430 How Nursing Practice Evolved Over Time

Hello

I agree with you that nursing is the oldest caregiving activity. Nursing was created from the need of

NRS 430 How Nursing Practice Evolved Over Time
NRS 430 How Nursing Practice Evolved Over Time

caring for the sick and bedridden. Also, nursing allows nurses to take care of the sick to facilitate their recovery. Although nursing has changed over time, wherein medicine men have been replaced by doctors, the foundation of nursing remains the same. The knowledge of illnesses and their treatment entails crucial details that enable nurses to take care of the sick. Some nurses have contributed to the nursing profession. Florence Nightingale’s contribution to nursing is still celebrated years after her death. Nightingale introduced nurse education programs in British hospitals in the 1800s (Allen, 2020).  The introduction of these education programs was meant to increase the accuracy of healthcare services provision. Nightingale’s input in nursing was appreciated in 1906 when various theories were developed based on Nightingale’s knowledge. The contribution of the nurses continues to shape nursing even today.

NRS 430 How Nursing Practice Evolved Over Time References

Allen, D. H. (2020). The Nightingale Legacy. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing24(5), 1-2. DOI: 10.1188/20.cjon.s2.5-6

A Sample Answer 3 For the Assignment:  NRS 430 How Nursing Practice Evolved Over Time

Title: NRS 430 How Nursing Practice Evolved Over Time

Nursing has evolved throughout the years from many standpoints. In its early stages, before 1800 it was merely a job let alone a career that we are all trying to pursue. When the Crimean war occured, so did the beginning of a more modernized way of nursing thanks to Florence Nightingale. So many changes have occured since then, along with the culture that has influenced it. The changes ranged anywhere from gender, social class status, uniforms, policies and procedures, pharmaceuticals, and education. At the beginning it was men who were the first nurses, which now progressed into a profession majority lead by women. Before nursing was a lower class job and now nurses get compensated well for their specialties. There really wasn’t any policy or procedure at first, until Florence Nightingale suggested a healthier environment to British Military officials. Education was based in the hospitals as diploma programs, which have now transformed into college degree programs. Pharmaceuticals played a part in the progression of nursing as stated in Dynamics of Nursing, “Pharmacological interventions in the form of antibiotics were one of the main impacts for nurses of the 20th century, making infection more easily treatable and diseases easier to control.” (Whitney, 2018 para. 11)

Many people are to give credit throughout the years of the everchanging nursing profession. Those people include Florence Nightingale, Lillian Wald, Mary Brewster, Lina Rogers, Clara Barton, Jane Delano, Linda Richards, and many more. Florence Nightingale is known as the founder of modern medicine due to her implementation of sanitation techniques. Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster helped immigrants in New York City along with organizing public school nursing- with their help Lina Rogers was named the first school nurse. Clara Barton and Jane Delano founded the American Red Cross and American Red Cross Nursing Service. Linda Richards was the first professionally trained American nurse.

Today’s nursing roles are shaped by one’s individual’s education and environment. Working with the patients interdisciplinary team, incorporation of teamwork, assuming the leadership role, and openly communicating can promote healing by providing a safe and caring environment for the patient.

NRS 430 How Nursing Practice Evolved Over Time Reference(s):

Whitney, S. (2018). History of professional nursing. In Grand Canyon University (Eds.), Dynamics in
Nursing: Art and Science of Professional Practice. https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs430v/dynamics-innursing-art-and-science-of-professional-practice/v1.1/#/chapter/

A Sample Answer 4 For the Assignment:  NRS 430 How Nursing Practice Evolved Over Time

Title: NRS 430 How Nursing Practice Evolved Over Time

I agree with you that indeed nursing has grown over time from a lower class job to a career that most people are willing to partake in the higher learning levels.  However, the advancement of nursing as a career is as a result of a commitment of various individuals. Sadly, most pioneers of the career are dead.  Despite their deaths, contributions from Florence Nightingale, Lillian Wald, Mary Brewster, Lina Rogers, Clara Barton, Jane Delano, Linda Richards, and many more have dictated the current state of nursing.  These nurses contributed to their respective fields differently (Yuan, 2020).  Most of the ideas they generated have changed due to time and other aspects such as culture. Nonetheless, the skeleton of the current nursing is traced to these ancient nurses and their events during their times. The continuous research and scientific innovation in nursing have produced new ideas that have changed the career. Also, the roles of nursing in the current society that over-depend on healthcare services have dictated the increase in accuracy. As a result, nursing has been rapidly evolving.

NRS 430 How Nursing Practice Evolved Over Time References

Yuan, J. (2020). Florence Nightingale Tribute. Home Healthcare Now38(5), 238. doi: 10.1097/NHH.0000000000000911

A Sample Answer 5 For the Assignment:  NRS 430 How Nursing Practice Evolved Over Time

Title: NRS 430 How Nursing Practice Evolved Over Time

In the early days nursing was not a valuable career, women learned medical skills from their mothers or through the natural instinct of being caregivers. At that time women were not seen as a respectable gender either, history tells us that nursing originated in the mid-19th century. There are many pioneers in nursing like Clara Barton who founded the Red Cross, Dorothea Lynde Dix who advocated for the mentally ill and after hard work she created the first generation of American mental asylums, Florence Nightingale, who was the founder of modern nursing and many others. I will focus in Florence because I admire how she challenged social norms and her wealthy parents to becoming a nurse.

At the time, the world refused the idea of women nursing strangers. But Florence “strongly believed that nurses should take a leadership role to improve health care” (Whitney, 2018, para. 4). She was a leader and strongly believed that becoming a nurse, a woman could gain personal independence and a status in society. During the Crimean War, Nightingale aided at a military hospital, within weeks of helping, the mortality rate of soldiers decreased dramatically. Nightingale’s accomplishments impressed the public and this helped to make significant changes in the hospital to improve patient care. Besides writing a book she founded a nursing school in 1860 that provided basic nursing education and instruction. We can see that through the years nursing education has become more formalized, now nursing schools are more complexed and offer an extensive training program that qualifies the nurses to work in any medical setting providing the best care in a safe environment.

NRS 430 How Nursing Practice Evolved Over Time References

Whitney, S. (2018). History of professional nursing. In Grand Canyon University (Eds.), Dynamics in Nursing: Art and Science of Professional Practice. Retrieved from: https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs430v/dynamics-in- nursing-art-and-science-of-professional-practice/v1.1/#/chapter

A Sample Answer 6 For the Assignment:  NRS 430 How Nursing Practice Evolved Over Time

Title: NRS 430 How Nursing Practice Evolved Over Time

I agree with you that in the early days, nursing was not a valuable career since women learned about taking care of their sick children from their mothers. Women spent most of their time around their families so they were wired to be caregivers. However, changes that have happened in the lower class profession, since women were perceived as caregivers, favored some women. Many nursing pioneers who are celebrated up to now are women. For example, Clara Barton, Dorothea Lynde Dix, and Florence Nightingale are all women. These pioneers played crucial roles in different obligations that directly impacted the contemporary nursing (Ayello, 2020). Nightingale worked under harsh situations during the Crimean War where she was attending to the wounded soldiers on the battlefield.  She was a bold nurse who also contributed to other crucial aspects apart from dressing wounded soldiers.  Although changes have happened due to time, contributions of the predecessors cannot be erased in the contemporary career.

NRS 430 How Nursing Practice Evolved Over Time References

Ayello, E. A. (2020). From bedsores to global health care: Insights from Nightingale’s: Notes on Nursing. Advances in Skin & Wound Care33(5), 237-238.  DOI: 10.1097/01.ASW.0000658604.86284.f2

A Sample Answer 7 For the Assignment:  NRS 430 How Nursing Practice Evolved Over Time

Title: NRS 430 How Nursing Practice Evolved Over Time

I’m in consensus with you on the contribution Nightingale made to the nursing profession in the 19th century, herself with other nurses did research during the Crimean war, the research revealed that mortality rate was high from preventable causes, and in six months they implemented changes like hand washing, clean water environmental hygiene, and the mortality rate reduced from 42.7% to 2.2% and represented the data and analysis report to the British Military, and this led to major changes in hospitals.

In contemporary nursing, with advancement in education and the embracing of technology, nursing research has become part and parcel of the nursing profession. Results from nursing research provide basis for Evidence based practices, improve on current practices for quality and efficient care to patients and clients.

“Nursing research also can be used to evaluate policies many nurse researchers have examined nurse staffing (Lake & Cheung, 2006Staggs & Dunton, 2014). Since 2004, when California implemented the first comprehensive legislation to establish minimum staffing ratio for hospitals, researchers have completed empirical studies to determine the effect of this much debated and controversial legislation”

Nursing Practice started as just another role women played within their families, taking care of the infirm to the best of their knowledge of healing practices (First Women Nurses, n.d.). In 1775, about the time of the Revolutionary War, nursing care was traditionally done by male soldiers, but when the number of wounded soldiers who urgently needed care, overwhelmed those resources, women were assigned to assist with care. It was during this time the first formal hospitals were authorized by Congress. Nurses were paid between $2 to 8 dollars a month for their services. At this point, nurses were sometimes portrayed as prostitutes, drunkards, and thieves (First Women Nurses, n.d.) After the urbanization and industrialization in the early nineteenth century, hospitals changed the care they gave sick people, by providing care to those who didn’t have the means to provide their care.  Some of these hospitals were managed by religious orders and provided high-quality care.

While others had less favorable conditions (Alexander, 2019). Around the early 1800s, Florence Nightengale began to develop nursing as a respectable profession, by emphasizing education, establishing a training school for nurses, incorporating responsibilities, applying statistics to develop the first level of evidence-based care, and drastically improving sanitation standards (LSHTM, n.d.) She is often referred to as “The founder of nursing” (OAAPN, 2015). The influences of Florence Nightengale continued to evolve, improve, and live on in today’s nursing practices. Her use of data to create evidence-based practices is still universally used today. Her recognition of positive environmental conditions strongly influencing the healing and health of patients is still being improved today (Trafford, 2020). The nursing profession has come a long way since Florence Nightengale was a nurse, but much of what she brought to the profession is still being used in today’s nursing practice.

Key leaders that have influenced the advancement of nursing include; Florence Nightengale’s “Mother of Modern Nursing” she influenced the reform of nursing practice and the universal education of practicing nurses. Clara Burton “Angel of the Battlefield” delivered medical supplies during the American Civil War and founded the American Red Cross. Mary Beckinridge founded the New Model of Rural Health Care & Frontier Nursing Services, providing healthcare to rural underserved locations. Her contributions reduced mortality rates of women and children and are still used today. Dorothea Dix advocated for mental health rights and established the first mental asylum and formed current policies for mental health rights today. She became the superintendent of army nurses. Margret Sanger opened the first birth control clinic after witnessing her mother die from pregnancy complications. Mary Mahoney was the first recognized African American nurse and went on to found the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses (NACGN). Walt Whitman served as a male nurse during the Civil War and greatly influenced Americans with his writing.

Lillian Wald was an activist who co-founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and participated in the Women’s Peace Party (WPP). Mary Seacole had a vast knowledge of medicine from her travels and volunteered to help soldiers on the front lines. Virginia Henderson influenced research, caregiver practice, and education regarding current states of health and support wellness initiatives for nurse practitioners (Ohio University, 2020). In the early 1900s, the National League of Nursing Education created a Standard Nursing Curriculum. In 1925 The Committee on the Grading of Nursing Schools lead the way to the first accreditation programs. In 1970 Recommendations for Nursing education were provided by the Lysaught Commission which regulated statewide nursing programs. In 2008 advanced nursing programs focused to bring advanced ARPN regulation uniformity. In 2015 Occupational Safety and Health Administration issued guidelines for safety issues. 1999 through 2020 Nurses have ranked as the most ethical Professionals mainly due to the public’s trust in nurses (Post University, 2021).

Alexander, K. L. (2019). Florence Nightengale. Retrieved from National Women’s History Museum: https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/florence-nightingale

First Women Nurses. (n.d.). Retrieved from History of American Women: https://www.womenhistoryblog.com/2014/07/first-women-nurses.html

LSHTM. (n.d.). Florence Nightengale (1820-1910). Retrieved from London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine: https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/aboutus/introducing/history/frieze/florence-nightingale#:~:text=Florence%20Nightingale%20was%20a%20social,the%20’Lady%20with%20the%20Lamp.

OAAPN. (2015, May 12). Florence Nightengale’s Influence on Nursing. Retrieved from Ohio Association of Advanced Practice Nurses: https://oaapn.org/2015/05/florence-nightingales-influence-on-nursing/

Ohio University. (2020, January 6). 10 innovative and Influential Nurse Leaders. Retrieved from Ohio University: https://onlinemasters.ohio.edu/blog/10-innovative-and-influential-nurse-leaders/

Post University. (2021, Jun 24). History of Nursing Timeline: How Nursing Education has Evolved. Retrieved from Post University: https://post.edu/blog/history-of-nursing-education-timeline/

Trafford, S. (2020, February 5). Florence Nightengale’s Environmental Theory. Retrieved from NursingAnswers.net Academic Support for Nursing Students: https://nursinganswers.net/essays/florence-nightingales-environmental-6184.php

A Sample Answer 9 For the Assignment:  NRS 430 How Nursing Practice Evolved Over Time

Title: NRS 430 How Nursing Practice Evolved Over Time

Nursing has evolved from the people who were considered nurses in the past, to those who are now considered nurses. The practice of nursing has changed and has been built upon concepts from previous nurses and ideas. Nursing standards have been reshaped and held to higher expectations for those who practice and for the safety of the public. It is interesting to see how far back the history of our profession reaches and how it was made into the profession it is today, and how we continue to build on the work of those who came before us.

At the beginning of the 19th Century nursing was not considered a desirable job to have. Florence Nightingale paved the way and demanded the implementation of sanitary working conditions for nurses and patients (Whitney, 2022). Nursing was left for the poor, uneducated, and alcohol dependent people of the lower class to work (n.d.). Harriet Dame served as a nurse during the Civil War, and she too recognized the importance of sanitary working conditions (n.d). She advocated for her patients who were soldiers, to accommodate for sanitary conditions while recuperating. Dame was also the nurse to implement hospitals on military boats equipped with the proper staff and supplies and she made sure nurses serving in the war and at hospitals were compensated (n.d).

Nursing education is still evolving and changing criteria, but still building upon theories from programs before. Today there are so many options to choose from school wise, hospitals were some of the first locations to gain a nursing education (Whitney, 2022). Hospitals were able to provide free labor and then produce nurses to work for them, and thus created the diploma program. There are few hospitals that do that today as nursing education has been developing at community colleges offering AND programs and universities offering BSN programs (Whitney, 2022). Nursing roles are influenced by education received and their working environment (Whitney, 2022). The nursing role is a leadership role and it is imperative to be prepared to take on the responsibility by continuously learning in this profession.

Grand Canyon University. (n.d.). Nursing timeline. https://www.gcumedia.com/lms- resources/student-success-center/v3.1/#/media-element/CONHCP/9A618C63-0C53- E811-BF97-005056BD7343

Whitney, S. (2022). History of professional nursing. (2nd ed.) Dynamics in Nursing: Art &

Science of Professional Practice. Grand Canyon University.

A Sample Answer 10 For the Assignment:  NRS 430 How Nursing Practice Evolved Over Time

Title: NRS 430 How Nursing Practice Evolved Over Time

Nursing has evolved from the people who were considered nurses in the past, to those who are now considered nurses. The practice of nursing has changed and has been built upon concepts from previous nurses and ideas. Nursing standards have been reshaped and held to higher expectations for those who practice and for the safety of the public. It is interesting to see how far back the history of our profession reaches and how it was made into the profession it is today, and how we continue to build on the work of those who came before us.

At the beginning of the 19th Century nursing was not considered a desirable job to have. Florence Nightingale paved the way and demanded the implementation of sanitary working conditions for nurses and patients (Whitney, 2022). Nursing was left for the poor, uneducated, and alcohol dependent people of the lower class to work (n.d.). Harriet Dame served as a nurse during the Civil War, and she too recognized the importance of sanitary working conditions (n.d). She advocated for her patients who were soldiers, to accommodate for sanitary conditions while recuperating. Dame was also the nurse to implement hospitals on military boats equipped with the proper staff and supplies and she made sure nurses serving in the war and at hospitals were compensated (n.d).

Nursing education is still evolving and changing criteria, but still building upon theories from programs before. Today there are so many options to choose from school wise, hospitals were some of the first locations to gain a nursing education (Whitney, 2022). Hospitals were able to provide free labor and then produce nurses to work for them, and thus created the diploma program. There are few hospitals that do that today as nursing education has been developing at community colleges offering AND programs and universities offering BSN programs (Whitney, 2022). Nursing roles are influenced by education received and their working environment (Whitney, 2022). The nursing role is a leadership role and it is imperative to be prepared to take on the responsibility by continuously learning in this profession.

Grand Canyon University. (n.d.). Nursing timelinehttps://www.gcumedia.com/lms-

resources/student-success-center/v3.1/#/media-element/CONHCP/9A618C63-0C53-

E811-BF97-005056BD7343

Whitney, S. (2022). History of professional nursing. (2nd ed.) Dynamics in Nursing: Art &

Science of Professional Practice. Grand Canyon University.

A Sample Answer For the Assignment:  NRS 430 How Nursing Practice Evolved Over Time

Title: NRS 430 How Nursing Practice Evolved Over Time

Scope of Practice and Differentiated Practice Competencies: Contemporary Nursing

Nursing practice has undergone drastic changes from when nurses had minimal training and nursing entailed women taking care of the sick. When nursing began, it was not considered a profession, nor was it respected since it was only a woman’s work and women were not considered a respectable gender (Masters, 2018). Besides, nursing was more of an extension of women’s duties at the home of taking care of their families. Nursing skills were passed down in generations without formal training. In this regard, this paper seeks to discuss the evolution of nursing and the current nursing practice and compare the practice competencies of Associate versus Baccalaureate-prepared nurses.

Evolution of Nursing Practice

Nursing training has evolved, and nurses today have in-depth training with specific education qualifications to become a nurse. There are numerous nursing training programs and specialties up to Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) and Ph.D. programs (Masters, 2018). Additionally, nurses have different practising licenses based on their education level. In the past, the care setting for nurses was mainly in battlefields and homes, but the setting has changed to hospitals, consultation offices, home-based care, schools, and correctional facilities. Nursing duties in the past included primary care, such as cleaning patients and dressing wounds. Nurses worked strictly under physician instructions (Masters, 2018). However, nursing programs have evolved the nurses’ scope of practice over time, with duties now including conducting patient assessments, diagnosing, developing treatment plans, performing complex nursing procedures, and providing emergency care.

Practice Competencies of an Associate vs. Baccalaureate Education in Nursing

To become a registered nurse (RN), one can pursue an Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN) program or a Baccalaureate of Science in Nursing (BSN) program. Both programs include courses that train students on nursing and clinical practice competencies to equip them with skills for nursing practice (Ghaffari, 2017). However, the BSN curriculum has courses not offered in the ADN program. They include critical thinking and communication, management, leadership, social sciences, public health, nursing theories, and specialized courses (Ghaffari, 2017). ADN and BSN nurses have similar tasks in the healthcare setting, including providing direct patient care, administering treatment, and monitoring patients (Northrup-Snyder et al., 2017). However, the scope of practice varies to some degree, and the ADN nurse is not qualified for roles such as hospital unit coordinator, nurse educator, and managerial position.

Approaches to Decision-Making in a Patient Care Situation of a BSN vs. ADN

A patient care situation where nursing care would differ between the BSN and the ADN nurse is a patient with hypertension and diabetes presenting with a persistently elevated blood pressure despite being on antihypertensive therapy. A physician prescribes an IV antihypertensive drug. The ADN nurse will prescribe the drug since they are trained in clinical skills and may not provide health education (Northrup-Snyder et al., 2017). On the other hand, a BSN nurse will take a detailed patient history to identify current medications, history of hypertensive crisis, family history of chronic conditions, and social history. The history will help establish why the blood pressure is uncontrolled by antihypertensive therapy and identify the patient’s lifestyle behaviors that could exacerbate the condition. The BSN nurse will take the role of nurse educator and educate the patient on lifestyle modification to help lower blood pressure and prevent complications of hypertension.

Significance of Applying Evidence-Based Practice to Nursing Care

Evidence-based practice (EBP) has evolved over the years to be the gold standard of care and significantly influences the BSN program. EBP entails taking into account the latest healthcare research when determining the course of patient care (Mackey & Bassendowski, 2017). EBP has helped reduce complications and morbidities associated with chronic diseases and lowered healthcare costs. The BSN program has integrated EBP into the curriculum, and it fosters the adoption of EBP by increasing students’ knowledge and professional accountability. Furthermore, the BSN program focuses on training students in scientific research, which they apply to determine the best interventions for patient care (Mackey & Bassendowski, 2017). BSN students are trained in nursing research and are familiarized with research methodologies that equip them with EBP research skills.

Interdisciplinary Communication and Collaboration in Nursing Practice

Interdisciplinary teams in healthcare settings comprise physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and other health care professionals. Nurses today are part of the interdisciplinary teams and play a major role in deciding the care of patients (Cao et al., 2018). During patient rounds, they communicate with the interdisciplinary teams using the situation, background, assessment, and recommendation (SBAR) approach. The SBAR approach briefly informs the team of a patient’s condition, assessment findings, plan of care, and recommendations (Cao et al., 2018). The SBAR improves interdisciplinary communication by bringing healthcare professionals to the patient’s bedside. Furthermore, the SBAR allows nurses to interact with the health team and give opinions on ways to improve clinical practices, thus promoting better patient outcomes. Communication and collaboration of nurses in the interdisciplinary teams minimize medical errors, improve patient outcomes, and reduce healthcare costs.

NRS 430 How Nursing Practice Evolved Over Time Conclusion

There have been drastic changes in nursing that have significantly led to the efficient delivery of patient care. Currently, nursing is an independent profession, and education qualifications determine the scope of practice. The ADN program focuses on clinical skills, while BSN focuses on management, leadership, nursing research, in addition to clinical skills. EBP in nursing practice has promoted better health outcomes and reduced healthcare costs.

NRS 430 How Nursing Practice Evolved Over Time References

Cao, V., Tan, L. D., Horn, F., Bland, D., Giri, P., Maken, K., … & Nguyen, H. B. (2018). Patient-centered structured interdisciplinary bedside rounds in the medical ICU. Critical care medicine46(1), 85-92. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000002807

Ghaffari, M. (2017). Preparing Nurses for Community Health Care: A Comparative Study of the ADN and BSN Programs. International Journal5(2), 32-45. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.9.2018.52.32.45

Mackey, A., & Bassendowski, S. (2017). The history of evidence-based practice in nursing education and practice. Journal of Professional Nursing33(1), 51-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2016.05.009

Northrup-Snyder, K., Menkens, R. M., & Dean, M. (2017). Student competency perceptions from associate degree to bachelor degree completion. Journal of Nursing Education56(10), 581-590. https://doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20170918-02

Masters, K. (2018). Role development in professional nursing practice. Jones & Bartlett Learning.

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