Discussion: Role of RN/APRN in Policy-Making

Sample Answer for Discussion: Role of RN/APRN in Policy-Making Included After Question

Discussion: Role of RN/APRN in Policy-Making

Discussion: Role of RN/APRN in Policy-Making

Nurses are the members of the largest profession in the health system with a comprehensive care approach. Nevertheless, they play a minor role in health policy advocacy in the United States (Lewinski & Simmons, 2018). Nurses significantly impact the health system’s effectiveness and play an essential role in health promotion, disease prevention, treatment, and care. The potential opportunities that may exist for RNs and APRNs to participate in the policymaking process is by creating a suitable platform and engaging in the legal issues to increase the legal powers of nurses and writing to federal and states policy maker representatives about improving the economic growth of societies and achieving social justice and equality in access to health services policy bills that nurses have filed. Nurses must be trained in politics, participate in city committees and assemblies, nominate for local office, and even practice the right to vote can affect healthcare policy (Welliver, 2016). Nursing has always been affected by the health sector’s federal or state-level policymaking process. Therefore, RNs and APRNs must be members of nursing organizations to actively participate in policymaking since nursing organizations can lobby on behalf of patients for patient advocacy.  

Challenges that opportunities may present  

          The significant challenges in the policymaking of the nursing profession at federal or state levels can be named defective upstream policies and lack of mutual dialogs and understanding of the requirements of the nursing profession by the legislators, and weakness in the implementation of policies. The challenges in policymaking at an organizational level include policymakers’ need for knowledge and skill competency, lack of understanding between health policy and health advocacy, and limited healthcare policy education (Welliver, 2016).  

Two strategies to better advocate and participate in policymaking  

          Appropriate strategies are necessary to solve these challenges, such as periodic review and identification of required policies which increases the effectiveness and implementation capability of the policy. Another strategy nurses might overcome these challenges is by improving society’s public image to ensure and accept nursing services by strengthening the inner confidence of nurses and increasing their presence in scientific societies and healthcare organizations. Nurses have more opportunities to participate in policymaking. Another strategy to better advocate and communicate the existence of opportunities would be paying attention to efficient policies in the nursing field and active interaction with the media, such as Facebook and Twitter, to achieve a positive professional identity and public belief (ANA Social Media Principles, 2017). For instance, by using social media, nurses can approach other nurses and engage in policy discussion debates with their colleagues to inform them about nurses’ role in policymaking health strategy development.   

 References: 

ANA Social Media Principles. (2017, October 14). ANA. https://www.nursingworld.org/social/

Links to an external site. 

Lewinski, A. A., & Simmons, L. A. (2018). Nurse Knowledge and Engagement in Health Policy Making: Findings From a Pilot Study. Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 49(9), 407–415. https://doi.org/10.3928/00220124-20180813-06

Links to an external site. 

Welliver, M. (2016, September 22). The nursing profession’s potential impact on policy and politics. American Nurse. https://www.myamericannurse.com/nursing-professions-potential-impact-policy-politics/

Registered nurses and advanced practice registered nurses play crucial roles in the promotion of the optimum health and wellbeing of their populations. They are also increasingly involved in the formulation of policies that influence healthcare delivery in their organizations (Hajizadeh et al., 2021). Therefore, this paper examines two opportunities for these nurses to actively participate in policy-making and challenges associated with the opportunities. It also examines strategies for advocating or communicating the existence of these opportunities for RNs and APRNs.

Several opportunities exist for RNs and APRNs to actively participate in policy-making. One of them is policy assessment. RNs and APRNs have extensive experience in caring patients and addressing issues affecting their practice. As a result, they can utilize knowledge and skills gained from their experience to provide crucial insights in policy assessment. They can provide appropriate data for policy formulation. The other opportunity is policy formulation. RNs and APRNs can participate in the development of policies that address actual and potential needs in healthcare (Hajizadeh et al., 2021). They ensure the adopted policies align with the diverse needs of patients, healthcare providers, and healthcare institutions.

The above opportunities present some challenges for RNs and APRNs. One of them is the effect of organizational issues on RNs and APRNs involvement in policy assessment and formulation. Issues such as nursing shortage may limit the active participation of RNs and APRNs in policy-related issues. The other challenge is limited recognition of nurses’ role in policy-making. For a long time, nurses’ role in policy issues remains inadequate. This may affect their involvement in policy assessment and formulation in healthcare (Rasheed et al., 2020; Safari et al., 2020). Therefore, some of the effective strategies to address these challenges include educating nurses on their vital role in policy-making and advocating for the increased recognition of their vital role. RNs and APRNs have opportunities such as policy assessment and formulation in policy-making. These opportunities have challenges attributed to organizational issues and nurses’ recognition in policy-making. Evidence-based interventions such as training nurses should be adopted to address these challenges. Nurses’ involvement in policy-making ensures relevance and sustainability of the adopted policies.

References

Hajizadeh, A., Zamanzadeh, V., Kakemam, E., Bahreini, R., & Khodayari-Zarnaq, R. (2021). Factors influencing nurses participation in the health policy-making process: A systematic review. BMC Nursing, 20(1), 1–9.

Rasheed, S. P., Younas, A., & Mehdi, F. (2020). Challenges, extent of involvement, and the impact of nurses’ involvement in politics and policy making in in last two decades: An integrative review. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 52(4), 446–455.

Safari, M. B., Bahadori, M., & Alimohammadzadeh, K. (2020). The related factors of nurses’ participation and perceived benefits and barriers in health policy making. Journal of Nursing Research, 28(4), e103.

When talking about the healthcare professionals, the roles of nurses, either the registered nurses (RNs) or the advanced nurse practitioners APRNs) can not be underrated. Nurses offer a unique, expert perspective on every aspect of the health care system and have an important voice in efforts to improve health (American Nurses Association [ANA], n.d.). Based on this, their involvement in the policy-making process is very paramount. The participation of the nurses in policy-making will facilitate patient care delivery. RNs’ and APRNs’ influence in health policies protects patient safety, increases the quality of care, facilitates their access to the required resources, and promotes quality health care (Arabi et al., 2014).

Nursing organizations promote active participation by nurses in policymaking. For instance, the American Association of Colleges of Nursing emphasizes the role of nursing in the policy. For example, many educational programs incorporate policymaking into their curriculum. The National League for Nursing and the American Nurses Association also expect nurses to address policy as part of their professional role (Burke, 2016a).

How Nurses Can Partake in Policy-Making Process

A few of the numerous ways a nurse can partake in policymaking process are reading through pieces of literature and learning how policy is developed. Also, one should seek out policy areas one wants to influence, search the internet, research, and contact nursing organizations that participate in policy development. Nursing organizations and organizations such as AARP have multiple user-friendly internet sites that provide information about participating in policymaking activities (Burke, 2016b). Another way to become actively involved in policymaking is to meet with both local and state legislatures. Also, nurses can become actively involved in policymaking by becoming a nursing organization member such as American Nurses Association (ANA) or any other nursing professional organization (ANA, n.d.).

Challenges in Policy-Making Process

As there are many opportunities to get involved in the policymaking process, so are some challenges. One of those challenges includes difficulty in getting the ideas/agenda to the floor of the house. To overcome this challenge, one must be sure that he/she is knowledgeable with evidence-based facts regarding the issue before presenting to the policymakers. Involving the media is another way to get one’s agenda to the floor of the house and finally passed into law. Disseminating the information through social media brings the issue to the public’s awareness, which in turn pressurizes the law makers. Social media can support nursing campaigns and help the profession build relationships with key stakeholders to influence policy and political processes (O’Connor & Holloway, 2019).

ORDER NOW FOR AN ORIGINAL PAPER ASSIGNMENT: Discussion: Role of RN/APRN in Policy-Making

References

American Nurses Association. (n.d.). Health Policy. Retrieved January 17, 2021 from https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/health-policy/

Arabi, A., Rafii, F., Cheraghi, M. A., & Ghiyasvandian, S. (2014). Nurses’ policy influence: A concept analysis. Iranian journal of nursing and midwifery research, 19(3), 315–322.

Burke S. (2016). Influence through policy: Nurses have a unique role. Retrieved January 17, 2021 from https://nursingcentered.sigmanursing.org/commentary/more-commentary/Vol42_2_nurses-have-a-unique-role

Discussion 2 for wk 8

Word cloud generators have become popular tools for meetings and team-building events. Groups or teams are asked to use these applications to input words they feel best describe their team or their role. A “word cloud” is generated by the application that makes prominent the most-used terms, offering an image of the common thinking among participants of that role.

What types of words would you use to build a nursing word cloud? Empathetic, organized, hard-working, or advocatewould all certainly apply. Would you add policy-maker to your list? Do you think it would be a very prominent component of the word cloud?

Nursing has become one of the largest professions in the world, and as such, nurses have the potential to influence policy and politics on a global scale. When nurses influence the politics that improve the

delivery of healthcare, they are ultimately advocating for their patients. Hence, policy-making has become an increasingly popular term among nurses as they recognize a moral and professional obligation to be engaged in healthcare legislation.

To Prepare:

Revisit the Congress.gov website provided in the Resources and consider the role of RNs and APRNs in policy-making.

Reflect on potential opportunities that may exist for RNs and APRNs to participate in the policy-making process.

Registered Nurses (RN’s) and advanced practice registered nurses (APRN) should a great deal of influence on public policy and should want to.  Laws are being passed about healthcare with no input from the healthcare professionasl who work in the field. There are many ways for nurses and APRN’s to get involved in healthcare policy. For example, RNs in Virginia educated state legislators and the public on what they need in their hospital systems and what salaries for educators should be (Thomas Seifert and Joyner, n.d). One obstacle to this would be how you get an audience with the legislators and public. 

According to Thomas Seifert and Joyner, nurses help lead in the development of policy by applying nursing knowledge to advocate for their patients and the nursing profession. One such way to get involved and use that knowedge would be to join a nursing organization that advocated for nurses as well as patients. One such organization is the American Nurses Association. The core function of ANA is to develop and implement policies (Morris, 2023).  

An obstacle to the American Nurses Association or joining an organization would be for most nurses lack of information, lack of time, lack of commitment. Many times nurses professional lives could get in the way of them joining nursing organizations. I know in my time as a nurse I have never thought to join organization and before this class have never thought about the impact nurses could have on policy making. Milstead and Short (2019) said it best when they said that nurses are an essential compnent of polciy making due to their knowledge of the hospital systems.  

 

By Day 3 of Week 8

Post an explanation of at least two opportunities that exist for RNs and APRNs to actively participate in policy-making. Explain some of the challenges that these opportunities may present and describe how you might overcome these challenges. Finally, recommend two strategies you might make to better advocate for or communicate the existence of these opportunities to participate in policy-making. Be specific and provide examples.

THIS IS THE RUBRIC TO FOLLOW BELOW.

Excellent

Good

Fair

Poor

Main Posting

45 (45%) – 50 (50%)

Answers all parts of the discussion question(s) expectations with reflective critical analysis and synthesis of knowledge gained from the course readings for the module and current credible sources.

Supported by at least three current, credible sources.

Written clearly and concisely with no grammatical or spelling errors and fully adheres to current APA manual writing rules and style.

40 (40%) – 44 (44%)

Responds to the discussion question(s) and is reflective with critical analysis and synthesis of knowledge gained from the course readings for the module.

At least 75% of post has exceptional depth and breadth.

Supported by at least three credible sources.

Written clearly and concisely with one or no grammatical or spelling errors and fully adheres to current APA manual writing rules and style.

35 (35%) – 39 (39%)

Responds to some of the discussion question(s).

One or two criteria are not addressed or are superficially addressed.

Is somewhat lacking reflection and critical analysis and synthesis.

Somewhat represents knowledge gained from the course readings for the module.

Post is cited with two credible sources.

Written somewhat concisely; may contain more than two spelling or grammatical errors.

Contains some APA formatting errors.

0 (0%) – 34 (34%)

Does not respond to the discussion question(s) adequately.

Lacks depth or superficially addresses criteria.

Lacks reflection and critical analysis and synthesis.

Does not represent knowledge gained from the course readings for the module.

Contains only one or no credible sources.

Not written clearly or concisely.

Contains more than two spelling or grammatical errors.

Does not adhere to current APA manual writing rules and style.

Main Post: Timeliness

10 (10%) – 10 (10%)

Posts main post by day 3.

0 (0%) – 0 (0%)

0 (0%) – 0 (0%)

0 (0%) – 0 (0%)

Does not post by day 3.

First Response

17 (17%) – 18 (18%)

Response exhibits synthesis, critical thinking, and application to practice settings.

Responds fully to questions posed by faculty.

Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by at least two scholarly sources.

Demonstrates synthesis and understanding of learning objectives.

Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues.

Responses to faculty questions are fully answered, if posed.

Response is effectively written in standard, edited English.

15 (15%) – 16 (16%)

Response exhibits critical thinking and application to practice settings.

Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues.

Responses to faculty questions are answered, if posed.

Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by two or more credible sources.

Response is effectively written in standard, edited English.

13 (13%) – 14 (14%)

Response is on topic and may have some depth.

Responses posted in the discussion may lack effective professional communication.

Responses to faculty questions are somewhat answered, if posed.

Response may lack clear, concise opinions and ideas, and a few or no credible sources are cited.

0 (0%) – 12 (12%)

Response may not be on topic and lacks depth.

Responses posted in the discussion lack effective professional communication.

Responses to faculty questions are missing.

No credible sources are cited.

Second Response

16 (16%) – 17 (17%)

Response exhibits synthesis, critical thinking, and application to practice settings.

Responds fully to questions posed by faculty.

Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by at least two scholarly sources.

Demonstrates synthesis and understanding of learning objectives.

Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues.

Responses to faculty questions are fully answered, if posed.

Response is effectively written in standard, edited English.

14 (14%) – 15 (15%)

Response exhibits critical thinking and application to practice settings.

Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues.

Responses to faculty questions are answered, if posed.

Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by two or more credible sources.

Response is effectively written in standard, edited English.

12 (12%) – 13 (13%)

Response is on topic and may have some depth.

Responses posted in the discussion may lack effective professional communication.

Responses to faculty questions are somewhat answered, if posed.

Response may lack clear, concise opinions and ideas, and a few or no credible sources are cited.

0 (0%) – 11 (11%)

Response may not be on topic and lacks depth.

Responses posted in the discussion lack effective professional communication.

Responses to faculty questions are missing.

No credible sources are cited.

Participation

5 (5%) – 5 (5%)

Meets requirements for participation by posting on three different days.

0 (0%) – 0 (0%)

0 (0%) – 0 (0%)

0 (0%) – 0 (0%)

Does not meet requirements for participation by posting on 3 different days.

Total Points: 100

You must proofread your paper. But do not strictly rely on your computer’s spell-checker and grammar-checker; failure to do so indicates a lack of effort on your part and you can expect your grade to suffer accordingly. Papers with numerous misspelled words and grammatical mistakes will be penalized. Read over your paper – in silence and then aloud – before handing it in and make corrections as necessary. Often it is advantageous to have a friend proofread your paper for obvious errors. Handwritten corrections are preferable to uncorrected mistakes.

Use a standard 10 to 12 point (10 to 12 characters per inch) typeface. Smaller or compressed type and papers with small margins or single-spacing are hard to read. It is better to let your essay run over the recommended number of pages than to try to compress it into fewer pages.

Likewise, large type, large margins, large indentations, triple-spacing, increased leading (space between lines), increased kerning (space between letters), and any other such attempts at “padding” to increase the length of a paper are unacceptable, wasteful of trees, and will not fool your professor.

The paper must be neatly formatted, double-spaced with a one-inch margin on the top, bottom, and sides of each page. When submitting hard copy, be sure to use white paper and print out using dark ink. If it is hard to read your essay, it will also be hard to follow your argument.

ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CLASS

Discussion Questions (DQ)

Initial responses to the DQ should address all components of the questions asked, include a minimum of one scholarly source, and be at least 250 words.
Successful responses are substantive (i.e., add something new to the discussion, engage others in the discussion, well-developed idea) and include at least one scholarly source.
One or two sentence responses, simple statements of agreement or “good post,” and responses that are off-topic will not count as substantive. Substantive responses should be at least 150 words.
I encourage you to incorporate the readings from the week (as applicable) into your responses.

Weekly Participation

Your initial responses to the mandatory DQ do not count toward participation and are graded separately.
In addition to the DQ responses, you must post at least one reply to peers (or me) on three separate days, for a total of three replies.
Participation posts do not require a scholarly source/citation (unless you cite someone else’s work).
Part of your weekly participation includes viewing the weekly announcement and attesting to watching it in the comments. These announcements are made to ensure you understand everything that is due during the week.

APA Format and Writing Quality

Familiarize yourself with APA format and practice using it correctly. It is used for most writing assignments for your degree. Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for APA paper templates, citation examples, tips, etc. Points will be deducted for poor use of APA format or absence of APA format (if required).
Cite all sources of information! When in doubt, cite the source. Paraphrasing also requires a citation.
I highly recommend using the APA Publication Manual, 6th edition.

Use of Direct Quotes

I discourage overutilization of direct quotes in DQs and assignments at the Masters’ level and deduct points accordingly.
As Masters’ level students, it is important that you be able to critically analyze and interpret information from journal articles and other resources. Simply restating someone else’s words does not demonstrate an understanding of the content or critical analysis of the content.
It is best to paraphrase content and cite your source.

LopesWrite Policy

For assignments that need to be submitted to LopesWrite, please be sure you have received your report and Similarity Index (SI) percentage BEFORE you do a “final submit” to me.
Once you have received your report, please review it. This report will show you grammatical, punctuation, and spelling errors that can easily be fixed. Take the extra few minutes to review instead of getting counted off for these mistakes.
Review your similarities. Did you forget to cite something? Did you not paraphrase well enough? Is your paper made up of someone else’s thoughts more than your own?
Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for tips on improving your paper and SI score.

Late Policy

The university’s policy on late assignments is 10% penalty PER DAY LATE. This also applies to late DQ replies.
Please communicate with me if you anticipate having to submit an assignment late. I am happy to be flexible, with advance notice. We may be able to work out an extension based on extenuating circumstances.
If you do not communicate with me before submitting an assignment late, the GCU late policy will be in effect.
I do not accept assignments that are two or more weeks late unless we have worked out an extension.
As per policy, no assignments are accepted after the last day of class. Any assignment submitted after midnight on the last day of class will not be accepted for grading.

Communication

Communication is so very important. There are multiple ways to communicate with me:
Questions to Instructor Forum: This is a great place to ask course content or assignment questions. If you have a question, there is a good chance one of your peers does as well. This is a public forum for the class.
Individual Forum: This is a private forum to ask me questions or send me messages. This will be checked at least once every 24 hours.

Getting involved with a professional nursing organization is one of the simplest ways for a nurse to become involved in public policy. According to the American Nurses Association (n.d.), joining a professional organization leads to the creation of a unified voice on policy. This is vital, as changing policy involves multiple opinions that are established under one voice. Participating in policy-making can be overwhelming for an individual, so becoming a part of a larger organization can aid in overcoming that barrier. However, this advocation opportunity can present a financial hurdle as professional organizations operate under a for-profit membership model. Additionally, time constraints and a lack of inclusion are challenges when joining a professional nursing organization. The potential lack of diversity among members and leadership may create a sense of not belonging. To assure that I actively participate in this opportunity, I would do my research to ensure that I was joining an organization that aligned with my personal and political values. Additionally, I would explore what my maximum time commitment could be.

The purpose of public policy involvement is to direct problems to the government’s attention (Milstead & Short, 2019). At a local level, nurses can become involved in policy-making by contacting their elected officials about potential legislation that affects the healthcare field. This is an opportunity that takes minimal time, and resources. Additionally, this allows nurses to communicate about the issues that truly matter and will impact them. However, this method of policy involvement may require some nurses to move outside their comfort zone. For those that are uncomfortable talking on the phone, reaching out to policymakers via email or mail may be preferable. The transformation of nursing practice is commonly done through the construction of shared professional governance infrastructure and distributive decision-making (Porter-O’Grady, 2019). As legislators hear nurses’ voices directly, laws will be changed and created to favor their opinions.

Communication is required to increase advocacy in our professional field (Barton, 2018). When joining a professional organization, I would discuss the membership process with coworkers and friends. I would regularly elaborate on the opportunities that the organization has afforded me while encouraging those around me to get involved in a professional organization themselves. Moreover, I would advocate for others to get involved in policy-making by encouraging conversation related to the current issues within our professional field. By openly discussing the need for or impact of potential legislation more nurses will be encouraged to reach out to their local representatives.

American Nurses Association. (n.d.). Practice & advocacy. Retrieved from https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/

Barton, A. J. (2018). Leadership and communication competencies in nursing: What are we missing?. The Journal of Nursing Education, 57(5), 259–260. https://doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20180420-01

Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019). Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide (6th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning

Porter-O’Grady, T. (2019). Principles for sustaining shared/professional governance in nursing. Nursing Management, 50(1), 36-41. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NUMA.0000550448.17375.28

I agree that RNs and APRNs are not trained in advocating in relation to policy making. However, they are needed within the political arena. Making laws centered around healthcare workers without the help of healthcare workers can cause a grave mistake.  Researchers must make evidence-based policies if they want political leaders to use evidence-based research to make laws (Crowley, 2023). Therefore, RNs and APRNs are perfect for influencing political leaders by using evidence-based practice research to make laws.

Joining organizations is another great way for RNs and APRNs to influence policies. For example, American Nurse’s Association fight for the rights of nurses in the political arena. However, has been said that the growth of local democracy depends on the community’s ability to participate in local politics (De Weger, 2022).  With that being said, there are many local organizations that RNs and APRNs can join to advocate and influence policies. The local American Red Cross and local nursing associations are great organizations to join to influence policies within the community.

References

De Weger, E., Drewes, H. W., Van Vooren, N. J. E., Luijkx, K. G., & Baan, C. A. (2022). Engaging citizens in local health policymaking A realist explorative case-study. PLoS ONE, 17(3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265404

Max Crowley D. & Taylor Scott, J. (2023). To Support Evidence-Based Policymaking, Bring Researchers and Policymakers Together. Issues in Science & Technology, 39(2), 31–35.

Discussion: The Role of the RN/APRN in Policy Evaluation

Opportunities That Currently Exist for RNs and APRNs to Actively Participate in Policy Review

Policy review starts whenever the policy is being planned. This is where the core stakeholders participate in the discussion to assess their interests and perceptions of the proposed policy. For RNs and APRNs to be part of the review or evaluation process, they must participate in positions facilitating a meeting with key stakeholders and engage in policy analysis course (Arrowsmith et al., 2016). Thus, the RNs and APRNs have key opportunities of participating in policy evaluation through being members of professional nurse organizations, including the American Nurses Association (ANA), the American Association of Nurse Practitioners (AANP), the American Association of College of Nurses (AACN) and the National League of Nursing (NLN). Being members of these organizations, they would offer reports concerning ACA to the public and lawmakers (Wichaikhum et al., 2020). To further participate in policy review, RNs and APRNs must participate in the developmental meeting to introduce new policies.

Some Challenges

As proficient nursing professionals, RNs and APRNs would face various challenges during policy review. For instance, it would be challenging to work with other health professionals and policymakers with different perceptions and backgrounds. Some policymakers might value and appreciate nurses’ inputs and perceptions in policy review, while others might disregard their opinions (Milstead, & Short, 2019). However, nurses must persevere, collect tremendous support from healthcare professions, coworkers, and the public and continue their evidence-based practices. They should also be competent to give awareness of the new policies.

Strategies

Seminars and social media are the best strategies that I would advocate for the existence of such opportunities. Participating in national, local, and international conferences or seminars would be appropriate strategies for enhancing the RNs’ and APRNs’ opportunities in policy evaluation and review (Shiramizu et al., 2016). This encompasses discussing the essentiality of policy reviews in policy design and evaluation. Hence, discussing the topics with other nurses would improve awareness and increase opportunities for the nursing professionals. Additionally, spreading news through social media platforms, including Twitter and Facebook, would be appropriate. Such postings would increase the awareness of others, increasing their opportunities.

References

Arrowsmith, V., Lau‐Walker, M., Norman, I., & Maben, J. (2016). Nurses’ perceptions and experiences of work role transitions: A mixed methods systematic review of the literature. Journal of advanced nursing, 72(8), 1735-1750. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jan.12912

Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019). Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide (6th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Shiramizu, B., Shambaugh, V., Petrovich, H., Seto, T. B., Ho, T., Mokuau, N., & Hedges, J. R. (2016). Leading by success: Impact of a clinical and translational research infrastructure program to address health inequities. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 4(5), 983–991.

Wichaikhum, O., Abhicharttibutra, K., Nantsupawat, A., Kowitlawakul, Y., & Kunaviktikul, W. (2020). Developing a strategic model of participation in policy development for

nurses. International nursing review, 67(1), 11-18. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/inr.12571